In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Of Methanolic Extract Of Moringa Olieifera Lam. Fruits

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Mohammed Abu Sayeed*, Mohammad Shahadat Hossain, Mohammad Ehsanul Hoque Chowdhury and Mohsinul Haque

Moringa Olieifera Lam. Fruits

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate antibacterial and antifungal activity of Methanol extract from the fruits of Moringa oleifera. The extract were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity by Disc diffusion method. The fruit extract of Moringa oleifera showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. The highest zone of inhibition was found at the concentration of 200µg/ disc for Pseudomonas aeruginosa(22mm) and Colletotrichum Sp (14mm). Methanol extract possessed moderate antibacterial activity against bacterial strains-Staphylococccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species and Proteus species and antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi- Alternaria SP, Colletotrichum SP, Curvularia SP and Fusarium SP.

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Herbal Medicine Scenario in India and European Countries

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Parul Agarwal*, Amreen Fatima and Prem Prakash Singh

Herbal Medicine Scenario

Abstract: Herbal medicines are the synthesis of therapeutic experiences of generations of practising physicians of indigenous systems of medicine for over hundreds of years while nutraceuticals are nutritionally ormedicinally enhanced foods with health benefits of recent origin and marketed in developed countries. Herbal medicines are also ingreat demand in the developed world for primary health care because of their efficacy, safety and lesser side effects. They also offer therapeutics for age-related disorders like memory loss, osteoporosis, immune disorders, etc. for which no modern medicine is available. WHO too has not systematically evaluated traditional medicines despite the fact that it is used for primary health care by about 80% of the world population. However, in 1991 WHO developed guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicine. Suggestions for herbal medicine standardization are outlined. The scenario and perceptions of herbal medicine are discussed.

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Evaluation of Membrane Stabilizing Activity, Total Phenolic Content, Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay, Thrombolytic and Antimicrobial Activities of Tagetes patula L.

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Md. Ruhul Kuddus, Mirza Sonia Alam, Sharmin Reza Chowdhury, Farhana Rumi, Md. Al Amin Sikder, and Mohammad A. Rashid*

Tagetes patula

Abstract: The methanol extract of leaf of Tagetes patula L. as well as its n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates were subjected to screening for total phenolic content, brine shrimp lethality, membrane stabilizing, thrombolytic and antimicrobial activity. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by hypotonic solution-and heat-induced methods and was compared with acetyl salicylic acid. In the present studies, the n-hexane soluble fraction demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity in both hypotonic solution-and heat-induced methods with 44.48% and 42.68% inhibition of haemolysis, respectively. The total phenolic content was also determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent. In brine shrimp bioassay, the crude methanol extract of leaf showed strong cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 8.58 μg/ml compared to that of 0.451 μg/ml exhibited by standard vincristine sulphate. During assay for thrombolytic activity, the n-hexane soluble fraction revealed 43.7% lysis of clot while standard streptokinase and water, used as positive and negative controls, demonstrated 65.8% and 3.62% lysis of clot, respectively. In antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method, all the samples exhibited moderate to significant antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition = 9.0-22.0 mm) against all the test organisms. Among all the samples, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction displayed strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (22.0 mm).

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Formulation and Evaluation of an Herbal Anti-Inflammatory Gel Containing Eupatorium Leaves Extract

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Arvind Negi*, Nimisha Sharma, Mamta F. Singh (India)

Eupatorium Leaves

Abstract: This study evaluated a noble herbal gel formulation containing extract from the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum for its topical anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced ooedema. Gelling agent used in this study was 1% w/w concentration of carbopol- 934. The studies were conducted on Albino Wistar rats of either sex (150-200 g). Change in oedema volume of the rat hind paw was measured. The anti-inflammatory effect produced after topical administration of herbal gel formulation on Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema exhibited a high degree of reproducibility. The initial physicochemical parameters of formulations i.e. pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and stability were also examined. The pH of all the formulations was near about 6.8, which lies in the normal pH range of the skin. The preparation was stable under normal storage conditions and did not produce any skin irritation, i.e., erythema and oedema for about a month, when applied over the skin.

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Aloe Vera: The Miracle Plant Its Medicinal and Traditional Uses in India

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: R. Rajeswari, M. Umadevi*, C. Sharmila Rahale, R.Pushpa, S. Selvavenkadesh, K. P. Sampath Kumar, Debjit Bhowmik (India)

Abstract: Aloe vera is the oldest medicinal plant ever known and the most applied medicinal plant worldwide. Extracts of Aloe Vera is a proven skin healer. Aloe Vera help to soothe skin injuries affected by burning, skin irritations, cuts and insect bites, and its bactericidal properties relieve itching and skin swellings. It is known to help slow down the appearance of wrinkles and actively repair the damaged skin cells that cause the visible signs of aging. Aloe is a powerful detoxifier, antiseptic and tonic for the nervous system. It also has immune-boosting and anti-viral properties. Research has proven that adding Aloe Vera to ones diet improves digestion. As a general health tonic. Aloe Vera is a useful source of vitamins. Aloe Vera Gel contains a large range of vitamins – even vitamin B12, Vitamin A, contains B-Group vitamins, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and folic acid. Aloe Vera Gel contains important ingredients including 19 of the 20 amino acids needed by the human body and seven of the eight essential ones that just cannot be made.

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The Lebanese Citrus Aurantium: A Promising Future in Medicinal Phytochemistry

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Salim Makhoul, Youssef Bakkour, Hanna El-Nakat*, Fawaz El Omar

Abstract: The West Bekaa region of Lebanon is mostly an agricultural land where traditional herbal medicine is a common practice. Many medicinal applications are especially attributed to the Citrus aurantium plant mainly used in the food and drink industry. In this work, the essential oil of Citrus aurantium is studied in an attempt to find an explanation for the different medical applications of this plant extract which is widely known among locals. Using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry, twenty-six different chemicals were identified and quantified. These include the major constituent, Linalool, (29.99%), Bergamol (14.94%), Farnesol (9.86%) and D-Limonene (8.42%). The latter as well as Linalool are known to have anticancer effects, thus representing major components in anticancer treatments. Their proportions in the studied essential oil and the presence of the other components (a-thujene, a-pinene, Camphene, Sabinene, b-pinene, b-Myrcene, p-Cymene, Ocimene (E), Linalool oxide (Trans), Linalool oxide (Cis), Terpinen-4-ol, Terpineol, Nerol (Or Cis-Geraniol), Neral, Geranial, Neryl acetate, Geranyl acetate, Nerolidol, Farnesal, Eicosane, Tetracosane, Pentacosane) have amplified the importance of Citrus aurantium as a scientifically-proven medicinal plant thus justify its diverse medical applications.

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Pharmacognostical and Priliminary Phytochemical Studies on the Leaf Extract of Ficus Pumila Linn.

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Jasreet Kaur* (India)

Abstract: Ficus pumila Linn. (Family: Moraceae), commonly known as climbing fig. It is widely used as an ethno medicine in china and India. It is prescribed for a wide variety of ailments like diarrhea, hemorrhoids, treating gastrointestinal, piles, uterine problems and other infections. However, detailed scientific information is not available to identify the plant material and to ascertain its quality and purity. In present communication, morphology anatomical and physico-chemical characters along with phytochemical screening and fluorescence analysis of powdered crude drug were carried out for systemic identification and authentication of leaves. This study provides referential information for identification and characterization of Ficus pumilaleaf and its extracts.

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In-Vitro Thrombolytic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Swertia Chirata Ethanolic Extract.

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Mohammad Shahadat Hossain*, Mohammad Ehsanul Hoque Chowdhury, Sumana Das and Imtiaz Uddin Chowdhury

Abstract: Ethanol extract of of Swertia chirata was assessed for its thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory activity and phytochemical screening. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation. Aspirin was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanol extract of Swertia chirata showed mean inhibition of protein denaturation 45.31±0.000576 whereas, for control group it was found to be 50.00±0.00177. In thrombolytic activity using in vitro clot lysis assay method, the crude ethanol extract was found to have significant, thrombolytic test showed a maximum effect of 40.38% while the standard streptokinase showed 69.35.

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In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Diplazium esculantum (Retz.) Swiss Rhizome Extract

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Semwal Amit*, Farswan Mamta Singh

Abstract: Parasitic diseases cause severe morbidity by affecting population in endemic areas with major economic and social consequences. More than half of the population of the world suffers from various types of infection and majority of cattles suffer from worm infections. So there is a need to find new drugs to treat parasitic diseases. Ethanolic, aqueous and petroleum ether extract from the rhizome ofDiplaziumesculentum (Retz.) Sw (Family- Athyriaceae) was investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. Three concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml) of each extracts were studied, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm.It was found that all the extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity. Piperazine citrate in same concentration as that of extract was included as standardreference and distilled water as control. Results showed that the ethanolic extract was more potent as compared to other extracts as it took less time to cause paralysis and death of the earthworms as compared to standard reference drug.

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Antimicrobial Potential Of Azadirachta Indica Against Pathogenic Bacteria And Fungi

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Mohammad Asif*

Abstract: Drugs from natural sources are used for treating various diseases since the ancient times. From the literature it is clear that various type of pharmacological and biological activities are associated with Azadirachta indica. The leave oil of A. indica is known to have good antimicrobial potential. The oil of A. indica leaves, was tested against the different infectious microorganisms (Gram positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria), such as bacterial strains; S. aureus, E. coli, B. cerus, P. vulgaris, S. typhi, K. pneumonae, S. dysenterae and Fungal strains; F. oxysporum, A. flavus, A. fumigates, A. niger, C. albicans, Cladosporium sp., M. canis, M. gypseum, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, P. notatum and P. citrinum etc. The results showed that level of antimicrobial activities of the A. indica oil depends on both the protein and carbohydrate contents. Generally, the high level of protein and carbohydrate contents of extract had better antimicrobial activities.

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Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth (Lythraceae) Cultivated in Egypt

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Mohamed Elgindi, Nahla Ayoub, Rola Milad*, Reham Mekky

Abstract: Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth (Family Lythraceae) is a herb, newly cultivated in Egypt. Its richness in phenolics had led to test for its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and isolation of its componenets. Also it urges us to check for its genotyping. Isolation of some phenolics was done using usual chromatographic techniques. The genetic fingerprinting of the aerial parts of C. hyssopifolia Kunth was determined using RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique which has been widely used in plants for the construction of genetic maps using 10 primers. The antioxidant activity of the extract was measured using the stable free radical DPPH assay while its cytoctoxic property was tested using different cell lines viz MCF7 (breast carcinoma cell line), HEP2 (larynx carcinoma cell line), HCT116 (colon carcinoma cell line) and HEPG2 (liver carcinoma cell line) adopting SRB method.Several compounds had been isolated from the aqueous methanolic extract of the aerial parts of C. hyssopifolia Kunth namely valoneic acid dilactone (1), 1,3−O−digalloyl-4-,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl- β-D−4C1-glucopyarnose (2), gallic acid (3), genistein-7-O-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (4), myricetin−3 − O− β-D−4C1-glucopyarnoside (5), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy benzoic acid (6), vanilic acid (7) and quercetin (8). Primer OPP-01 was the best sequence for dominating C. hyssopifolia Kunth cultivated in Egypt. The antioxidant activity of the extract showed an inhibition 95.5% compared to that of ascorbic acid 98.35%. The extract showed moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 ranging from 73.4 to 92.5 ug/ml for the tested cell lines. The study suggests that C. hyssopifolia Kunth may be the potential rich source of natural antioxidant.

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An Overview on Traditional Medicinal Plants as Aphrodisiac Agent

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Ramandeep Singh*, Sarabjeet Singh, G. Jeyabalan , Ashraf Ali

Abstract: This paper presents a review of plants identified from various ethno botanical surveys and folklore medicinal survey with aphrodisiac activity. An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent that arouses sexual desire. Erectile dysfunction (ED) or male impotence is defined as the inability of a man to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for mutually satisfactory intercourse with his partner. Sexual health and function are important determinants of quality of life. To overcome the problem of Male sexual (or) erectile dysfunction various natural aphrodisiac plants potentials are preferred. This review discuss about aphrodisiac potential of plants, its botanical name, Common name, family, part used and references, which are helpful for researcher to development new herbal aphrodisiac formulations.

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In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Lagenaria Siceraria Leaves in Indian Adult Earthworm

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Amit Kumar*, Sangh Partap

Abstract: Different extracts of Lagenaria siceraria were taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma. Two concentrations (50 and 100 mg/ml) of various extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole (20 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and carboxy methyl cellulose (0.5%) as a control group. Dose dependent activity was observed in the plant extracts but methanolic extract exhibited more activity as compared to others. The anthelmintic activity of Lagenaria siceraria leaves extract has therefore been demonstrated for the first time.

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A Review on Herbal Antioxidants

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Sangh Partap*, Sanjay pandey

Abstract: The present review is an attempt to highlight the various ethno botanical and traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological reports onMimusops elengi to which commonly known as Bakul and Spanish cherry, belonging to Sapotaceae family. It is a large ornamental evergreen tree cultivated in India and generally reared in gardens for the sake of its fragrant flowers. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, the ayurveda and in various folk system of medicine, the bark, fruit and seeds of Mimusops elengi possess several medicinal properties such as astringent, tonic, and febrifuge. Chemical studies have shown that, Bark contain tannin, some caoutchoue, wax, starch and ash and Flower contain volatile oil as well as Seeds contain fixed fatty oil. Preclinical studies have shown that Mimusops elengior some part of its phytochemicals possess Analgesic, Antibiotic, Antihyperlipidemic, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antoxidant, Antipyretic, Cytotoxic, Congestive enhancing, Gingival bleeding, Gastic ulcer, Hypotensive activity.

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Isolation of Crotepoxide From Berries of Croton Macrostachyus and Evaluation of Its Anti-Leishmanial Activity

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Habtamu Gelaw, Legesse Adane*, Yinebeb Tariku, Asrat Hailu

Abstract: The chloroform extract of the berries of Croton macrostachyus was subjected to column chromatography with chloroform: ethyl acetate mixture as eluting solvent that led to isolation of Crotepoxide. Evaluation of antleishmanial activity of crotepoxide against promatigotes and amastigotes form of L. aethiopicashowed that the compound is less active as compared to the reference antileishamnial drugs (amphotericin B and miltefosine). Regardless of the observed activity, further in vivo tests are recommended before drawing any conclusion about the potential of the compound as a new antileishamnial drug candidate.

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Recent Trends of Phytosomes for Delivering Herbal Extract with Improved Bioavailability

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Arijit Gandhi *, Avik Dutta , Avijit Pal , Paromita Bakshi

Abstract: In the recent days, most of the prevailing diseases and nutritional disorders are treated with natural medicines. The effectiveness of any herbal medication is dependent on the delivery of effective level of the therapeutically active compound. But a severe limitation exists in their bioavailability when administered orally or by topical applications. Phytosomes are recently introduced herbal formulations that are better absorbed and as a result produced better bioavailability and actions than the conventional phyto molecules or botanical extracts. Phytosomes are produced by a process whereby the standardized plant extract or its constituents are bound to phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine producing a lipid compatible molecular complex. Phytosome exhibit better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile than conventional herbal extracts. The present review represents the recent advances and applications of various standardized herbal extract phytosomes as a tool of drug delivery.

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Methanol Extract of Solanum nodiflorum Jacq (Solanaceae)

Journal: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Author: Ibrahim T. Babalola* , Esther A. Adelakun, Sadiq Y. Garba

Abstract: Ethno botanical survey of medicinal plants has always serve as a rich source of valuable information that has been transmitted through generations. Ethnomedical use of Solanum nodiflorum as claimed by traditional healers was investigated. The methanol extract of S. nodiflorum (whole plant) was screened in-vitro for antifungal and antibacterial activity using pathogenic strains that are implicated in man and animal diseases. The plant extract significantly inhibited the growth of infectious dermatophytes namely Candida albicans, Trichophyton tonsurans and Aspergillus flavus. The extract effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella paratyphie A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis, but inactive against klebsiella pneumoneae. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides. Tannins and flavonoids were not detected in the extract. Solanum nodiflorum possess broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.

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